Valorización de cenizas volantes de la combustión de orujillo lavadas en la fabricación de bloques de cemento. Hacia una construcción sostenible.
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2018-02-27
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
Resumen
[ES] La producción de cemento portland requiere de altas temperaturas, por lo que provoca un alto consumo energético, así como un alto consumo de combustibles fósiles y de recursos naturales, que afectan a la sostenibilidad ambiental. Este proceso se considera muy contaminante por la elevada emisión de CO2 a la atmosfera. Esta situación hace buscar nuevos materiales puzolánicos para sustituir el cemento, por lo que el empleo de residuos industriales es una opción conlleva beneficios ambientales y económicos.
El objetivo principal de este TFG es estudiar la viabilidad de la utilización de cenizas volantes lavadas provenientes de combustión del orujillo producidas en la planta de biomasa La Loma (Villanueva del Arzobispo, Jaén) como sustituto parcial del cemento portland en la fabricación de bloques de cemento. Las cenizas fueron lavadas con objeto de reducir su contenido en potasio, ya que este compuesto puede dar lugar a bloques con fisuras. Con este estudio se pretender conseguir dos efectos, valorizar cenizas dándole un nuevo uso potencial, como materia primas de bloques de cemento y contribuir a disminuir los gases de efecto invernadero al disminuir el consumo de cemento Portland. Tras un proceso de caracterización física, química y mineralógica de las materias primas (cemento Portland y cenizas volantes de orujillo lavadas) se ha evaluado el efecto de la adición de diferentes proporciones de cenizas lavadas (10-90 % en peso) a cemento portland. Los materiales fueron conformados a presión (10 MPa) y curados en agua a temperatura ambiente durante 28 días. Los bloques de construcción obtenidos han sido ensayados de acuerdo con las distintas normas nacionales e internacionales para obtener sus propiedades tecnológicas como densidad aparente, porosidad aparente, absorción y succión de agua y resistencia a la compresión.
Los resultados indican que la obtención eco-bloques de cemento portland y cenizas de orujillo lavadas con un contenido en cenizas de hasta el 40 % presentan propiedades tecnológicas similares a los bloques patrón conteniendo sólo cemento Portland
Con este TFG se ha demostrado que la fabricación de estos nuevos eco-bloques de construcción que contienen cenizas lavadas de la combustión de orujillo suponen una solución sostenible para remplazar al bloque de cemento Portland convencional, lo que supone un ahorro económico y ambiental.
[EN] The production of Portland concrete requires high temperatures, since it provokes great energy consumption as well as an elevated use of fossil fuels and natural resources, which cause an impact in environmental sustainability. This process is considered to be largely polluting because of the sizeable CO2 emissions sent to the atmosphere. This situation leads to the search of new pozzolanic materials in order to substitute concrete, which is why the utilization of industrial residue becomes an option implying environmental and economic benefits. The main objective on this thesis is to study the viability of the use of washed flying ashes resulting from the combustion of olive pomace produced at the biomass plant of La Loma (Villanueva del Arzobispo, Jaén) as a partial substitute of Portland concrete in the manufacture of concrete blocks. The ashes were washed with the aim to reduce their potassium content, as this element can entail blocks with fissures. This study expects to reach two effects: to valorise ashes providing them with a new potential use as prime material for concrete blocks and to contribute to the diminishing of greenhouse effect gases reducing Portland concrete consumption. After a process of physical, chemical and mineralogical characterisation of the prime materials (Portland concrete and olive pomace washed flying ashes) the impact of the addition of different proportions of washed ashes (10-90% mass) to Portland concrete has been evaluated. The materials were pressure formed (10 MPa) and cured in water at room temperature for 28 days. The construction blocks obtained have been tested according to the different national and international regulations with the aim to find out their technological properties such as apparent density, apparent roughness, water absorption, water suction and compression resistance. The findings indicate that the fabrication of Portland concrete and olive pomace washed ashes eco-blocks with an ashes content up to 40% show similar technological properties to sample blocks which contain only Portland concrete. With this thesis it has been demonstrated the fact that the manufacture of these new construction eco-blocks which contain washed ashes from the combustion of olive pomace mean an environmentally-friendly solution to substitute traditional Portland concrete blocks, what leads to environmental and economic savings.
[EN] The production of Portland concrete requires high temperatures, since it provokes great energy consumption as well as an elevated use of fossil fuels and natural resources, which cause an impact in environmental sustainability. This process is considered to be largely polluting because of the sizeable CO2 emissions sent to the atmosphere. This situation leads to the search of new pozzolanic materials in order to substitute concrete, which is why the utilization of industrial residue becomes an option implying environmental and economic benefits. The main objective on this thesis is to study the viability of the use of washed flying ashes resulting from the combustion of olive pomace produced at the biomass plant of La Loma (Villanueva del Arzobispo, Jaén) as a partial substitute of Portland concrete in the manufacture of concrete blocks. The ashes were washed with the aim to reduce their potassium content, as this element can entail blocks with fissures. This study expects to reach two effects: to valorise ashes providing them with a new potential use as prime material for concrete blocks and to contribute to the diminishing of greenhouse effect gases reducing Portland concrete consumption. After a process of physical, chemical and mineralogical characterisation of the prime materials (Portland concrete and olive pomace washed flying ashes) the impact of the addition of different proportions of washed ashes (10-90% mass) to Portland concrete has been evaluated. The materials were pressure formed (10 MPa) and cured in water at room temperature for 28 days. The construction blocks obtained have been tested according to the different national and international regulations with the aim to find out their technological properties such as apparent density, apparent roughness, water absorption, water suction and compression resistance. The findings indicate that the fabrication of Portland concrete and olive pomace washed ashes eco-blocks with an ashes content up to 40% show similar technological properties to sample blocks which contain only Portland concrete. With this thesis it has been demonstrated the fact that the manufacture of these new construction eco-blocks which contain washed ashes from the combustion of olive pomace mean an environmentally-friendly solution to substitute traditional Portland concrete blocks, what leads to environmental and economic savings.