Metodologías analíticas basadas en espectroscopía y quimiometría para el seguimiento del proceso de compostaje de alperujo
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2021-10-29
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
Resumen
[ES] La gestión del alperujo generado durante la extracción del aceite de oliva, es uno de los principales retos actuales de la industria oleícola. Su uso como enmienda orgánica para suelos agrícolas es una interesante posibilidad para recuperar este subproducto, que debe ser previamente compostado para optimizar sus propiedades. Por tanto, es indispensable realizar un seguimiento exhaustivo del proceso que asegure la calidad del producto generado. Se propone el empleo de técnicas espectroscópicas de infrarrojo medio y cercano, así como Fluorescencia de Rayos X, como alternativa a los análisis tradicionales, en combinación con herramientas quimiométricas de exploración y clasificación. Todo ello, ha permitido caracterizar la materia orgánica de compost de alperujo en distintos estados de maduración y las materias primas, hallando una mayor acumulación de compuestos estables que aminoran la proporción de aquellos fitotóxicos y lábiles conforme avanza el proceso. El contenido en macro y micronutrientes también ha sido evaluado, siendo superior la concentración de Ca, K, P y S en compost más evolucionados. Asimismo, se han hallado patrones de agrupación que demuestran el potencial de estas técnicas para discriminar las enmiendas según sus tiempos de maduración, obteniéndose rendimientos de clasificación entre 85,7 y 100% para FT-NIR y EDXRF.
[EN] Management of olive mill pomace obtained from olive oil extraction, represents one of the greatest challenges facing the olive oil industry today. Its use as a soil organic amendment offers an interesting way of recovering this by-product, which must first be composted in order to fully optimise its properties. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry out an in-depth monitoring of this process to guarantee the final product’s quality. We propose the use of both mid and near infrared spectroscopic techniques, as well as X-Ray Fluorescence, combined with exploratory and multivariate classification chemometric tools, as an alternative to conventional wet chemical analyses. This has made it possible to characterise organic matter fractions in composted olive mill pomace during various composting phases, and the raw materials. The results, revealed a higher accumulation rate of stable compounds followed by a decrease in those phytotoxic and labile as composting proceeds. Macro and micronutrient content has been also assessed, showing a higher level of Ca, K, P and S in more mature compost. In addition, clustering patterns demonstrating the potential of these techniques to distinguish organic amendments according to their maturation stages have been found, achieving classification yields that range from 85,7 to 100% when using FT-NIR and EDXRF.
[EN] Management of olive mill pomace obtained from olive oil extraction, represents one of the greatest challenges facing the olive oil industry today. Its use as a soil organic amendment offers an interesting way of recovering this by-product, which must first be composted in order to fully optimise its properties. Therefore, it becomes necessary to carry out an in-depth monitoring of this process to guarantee the final product’s quality. We propose the use of both mid and near infrared spectroscopic techniques, as well as X-Ray Fluorescence, combined with exploratory and multivariate classification chemometric tools, as an alternative to conventional wet chemical analyses. This has made it possible to characterise organic matter fractions in composted olive mill pomace during various composting phases, and the raw materials. The results, revealed a higher accumulation rate of stable compounds followed by a decrease in those phytotoxic and labile as composting proceeds. Macro and micronutrient content has been also assessed, showing a higher level of Ca, K, P and S in more mature compost. In addition, clustering patterns demonstrating the potential of these techniques to distinguish organic amendments according to their maturation stages have been found, achieving classification yields that range from 85,7 to 100% when using FT-NIR and EDXRF.