Desacetilación, hidrólisis ácida y fermentación con levaduras de residuos de poda de olivo para la producción de bioetanol
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2016
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
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[ES]Con este trabajo se pretende contribuir al estudio de la producción de bioetanol a partir de residuo de poda de olivo con el fin de solventar una doble problemática: en primer lugar el hecho de que actualmente no exista una aplicación tecnológica y económica viable para estos residuos agrícolas, siendo frecuente su eliminación en los terrenos de cultivo por incineración, aunque esta práctica tenga asociados graves problemas de contaminación atmosférica, mineralización del terreno o riesgo de incendios.
En segundo lugar la necesidad de sustituir el uso de combustibles fósiles derivados del petróleo por otros con menores problemas de contaminación, abastecimiento y competitividad económica.
Actualmente la producción de bioetanol se encuentra centrada en la fermentación de glucosa procedente de biomasa azucarada, amilácea o lignocelulósica. Esta última presenta como inconveniente la dificultad de su descomposición en azúcares simples, lo que hace de la optimización de los pretratamientos una necesidad básica.
En este trabajo se han estudiado tres etapas: una primera fase de desacetilación, donde se han determinado las condiciones óptimas en cuanto a tiempo (60 minutos) y concentración de NaOH (0,8%) mediante una metodología de superficie de respuesta. Una segunda etapa, consistente en una hidrólisis con ácido oxálico diluido, de donde se ha determinado el rango de severidad más apropiado para la fermentación posterior, que constituye la última fase. Para esta etapa final se han empleado dos levaduras diferentes Pichia stipitis y Pachysolen tannophilus, obteniéndose los rendimientos máximos de etanol con la primera de ellas (próximos al 90% del valor máximo teórico).
[EN]The main aim of this work has been to study the production of bioethanol from olive pruning residue to solve two problems: the fact that currently there is no viable technological and economic application for these agricultural wastes and the need to replace the use of fossil fuels whit others that implies less contamination and apply problems with economic feasibility. Traditionally these residues are burning in lands generating serious problems about air pollution, ground mineralization or fire hazards. Actually, the production of bioethanol is centered in the fermentation of glucose from sugary, starchy or lignocellulosic biomass. The latter has the drawback of the difficulty of their decomposition into simple sugars, which makes that the pretreatment optimization was a basic need. The work was conducted in three stages: in a first phase, a desacetylation pretreatment to determine the optimum conditions (NaOH concentration and time) has been made using a response surface methodology. The maximum acetic acid concentration was 3.78 g/L (using 0.8% NaOH and a treatment time of 60 minutes). Subsequently, a hydrolytic process with diluted oxalic acid was performed letting us to determine the range of severity at which the subsequent fermentation is more suitable. At the final fermentation stage two different yeasts, Pichia stipitis and Pachysolen tannophilus, has been employed, obtaining the maximum ethanol yields with the first one (close to 90% of the maximum theoretical value).
[EN]The main aim of this work has been to study the production of bioethanol from olive pruning residue to solve two problems: the fact that currently there is no viable technological and economic application for these agricultural wastes and the need to replace the use of fossil fuels whit others that implies less contamination and apply problems with economic feasibility. Traditionally these residues are burning in lands generating serious problems about air pollution, ground mineralization or fire hazards. Actually, the production of bioethanol is centered in the fermentation of glucose from sugary, starchy or lignocellulosic biomass. The latter has the drawback of the difficulty of their decomposition into simple sugars, which makes that the pretreatment optimization was a basic need. The work was conducted in three stages: in a first phase, a desacetylation pretreatment to determine the optimum conditions (NaOH concentration and time) has been made using a response surface methodology. The maximum acetic acid concentration was 3.78 g/L (using 0.8% NaOH and a treatment time of 60 minutes). Subsequently, a hydrolytic process with diluted oxalic acid was performed letting us to determine the range of severity at which the subsequent fermentation is more suitable. At the final fermentation stage two different yeasts, Pichia stipitis and Pachysolen tannophilus, has been employed, obtaining the maximum ethanol yields with the first one (close to 90% of the maximum theoretical value).