Reservas de carbono orgánico e inorgánico en sistemas perennes semiáridos; el papel de la cubierta vegetal
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2019-07
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
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[ES] La agricultura representa aproximadamente el 14% de las emisiones globales de gases de efecto
invernadero. En Andalucía, el olivar juega un papel importante debido a la gran extensión de superficie
dedicada a este cultivo . La mayoría de estos olivares se encuentra bajo un manejo convencional y en zonas de fuerte pendiente, lo que supone un descenso del carbono orgánico en el suelo (SOC). Por lo tanto, es fundamental la implementación de manejos sostenibles, como son la presencia de cubierta vegetal y el triturado de los restos de poda, que destacan por su viabilidad técnica y económica, y por su papel en la reducción de la erosión y en la acumulación de SOC. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de ambos manejos en los niveles de SOC en una elevada diversidad de olivares comerciales de Estepa y se aplicó un modelo (RothC) para predecir el cambio en el SOC bajo distintos manejos. La presencia de cubierta vegetal hizo elevar en promedio, y de forma significativa, 2,02 toneladas la cantidad de carbono orgánico en una hectárea y 30 centímetros de profundidad. Cuanto mayor fueron las entradas anuales de SOC, mayor fue la cantidad de carbono orgánico, así como las emisiones de C02. Sin embargo, el aporte anual de SOC a través de estos manejos no fue suficiente para mantener o aumentar los niveles de SOC. Por tanto, aunque estas prácticas de manejo redujeron sensiblemente las pérdidas de carbono orgánico, más esfuerzo es necesario para aumentar la superficie de entre-calle del olivar cubierta y así poder acumular más SOC y reducir de forma más efectiva las pérdidas de suelo por erosión.
[EN] Agriculture account for about 14% of the global greenhouse gases emission, mainly as C02. In the case of Andalusia, olive oil cultivation plays an important environmental role due to the great extension of the surface under olive graves. Most of these olive graves are under conventional management in areas of steep slope, and as consequence soil organic carbon is depleted. Therefore, the implementation of sustainable management practices technically and economically viables such as the combination of spontaneous cover crops and crushed the tree pruning residues, which might reduce the soil erosion and increase the content of soil organica carbon. In this study, the effects of both management on the content of soil organic carbon was assessed in commercial olive graves of Estepa. Furthermore, a model (RothC) was applied to assess for the change in soil organic carbon under different managements. Soil organic carbon in olive graves with spontaneous cover crop was on average 2.02 tons per hectare and 30 cm depth higher than that with bare soils. The greater the annual organic carbon inputs, the greater the amount of organic carbon in the soil, as well as the C02 emissions. However, the annual input of organic carbon was not enough to keep constant orto increase the level of soil organic carbon. Therefore, despite these practices decreased significantly the loss of soil organic carbon, greater effort should be paid to increase the area covered by spontaneous herbaceous plants to accumulate more organic carbon and to reduce the soil loss by erosion.
[EN] Agriculture account for about 14% of the global greenhouse gases emission, mainly as C02. In the case of Andalusia, olive oil cultivation plays an important environmental role due to the great extension of the surface under olive graves. Most of these olive graves are under conventional management in areas of steep slope, and as consequence soil organic carbon is depleted. Therefore, the implementation of sustainable management practices technically and economically viables such as the combination of spontaneous cover crops and crushed the tree pruning residues, which might reduce the soil erosion and increase the content of soil organica carbon. In this study, the effects of both management on the content of soil organic carbon was assessed in commercial olive graves of Estepa. Furthermore, a model (RothC) was applied to assess for the change in soil organic carbon under different managements. Soil organic carbon in olive graves with spontaneous cover crop was on average 2.02 tons per hectare and 30 cm depth higher than that with bare soils. The greater the annual organic carbon inputs, the greater the amount of organic carbon in the soil, as well as the C02 emissions. However, the annual input of organic carbon was not enough to keep constant orto increase the level of soil organic carbon. Therefore, despite these practices decreased significantly the loss of soil organic carbon, greater effort should be paid to increase the area covered by spontaneous herbaceous plants to accumulate more organic carbon and to reduce the soil loss by erosion.