INCORPORACIÓN DE RESIDUOS DE LA INDUSTRIA CERVECERA EN COMPOSITES POLÍMERICOS PARA PIEZAS DE INYECCIÓN
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2024-07-16
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
Resumen
Uno de los biomateriales más utilizados como sustituto de las matrices poliméricas derivadas del
petróleo en la fabricación de componentes plásticos es el ácido poliláctico (PLA). Los biocomposites con
matriz de PLA reforzados con residuos naturales están obteniendo un interés especial debido a sus
excelentes propiedades mecánicas, baja toxicidad, reciclabilidad y biodegradabilidad.
En este Trabajo Fin de Carrera se examina la incorporación de residuos de la industria cervecera en la
producción de materiales compuestos con matriz de PLA. Se desarrollaron varios biocomposites basados
en PLA, que incluían diferentes porcentajes de residuos (5, 10, 15, 20 y 25% en peso), y se llevaron a
cabo caracterizaciones detalladas.
Los resultados fueron analizados para determinar cómo afecta la incorporación de residuos de la
industria cervecera a las propiedades mecánicas (resistencia a la tracción y al impacto), térmicas
(Calorimetría Diferencial de Barrido, DSC), estructurales (Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de
Fourier, FT-IR, y Difracción de Rayos X, DRX) y morfológicas (Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido, SEM).
Se observó un descenso en las propiedades de tracción acompañadas de mejoras en el Módulo de
Young, y una disminución en las propiedades de impacto al incorporar el refuerzo. La temperatura de fusión se redujo con la adición del residuo, y todos los composites, menos el del 15% de bagazo,
mostraron un aumento de la cristalinidad. Las técnicas FT-IR y DRX permitieron identificar en los
composites las bandas de vibración y los planos cristalográficos característicos. Al analizar la superficie
de fractura, se denotó una cohesión mejorable entre el residuo y la matriz de PLA, que explica el
aumento de la fragilidad y rigidez manifestado como resultado de los ensayos mecánicos.
One of the most commonly used biomaterials as a substitute for petroleum-derived polymer matrices in the manufacturing of plastic components is polylactic acid (PLA). PLA matrix biocomposites reinforced with natural waste are gaining special interest due to their excellent mechanical properties, low toxicity, recyclability, and biodegradability. This Degree's Thesis examines the incorporation of brewery industry waste in the production of PLA matrix composite materials. Several PLA-based biocomposites were developed, including different waste percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% by weight), and detailed characterizations were carried out. The results were analyzed to determine how the incorporation of brewery industry waste affects the mechanical (tensile and impact strength), thermal (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC), structural (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR, and X-Ray Diffraction, XRD), and morphological (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM) properties. A decrease in tensile properties accompanied by improvements in the Young's Modulus, and a reduction in impact properties were observed with the incorporation of the reinforcement. The melting temperature decreased with the addition of the waste, and all composites, except for the 15% bagasse composite, showed an increase in crystallinity. FT-IR and XRD techniques allowed the identification of characteristic vibration bands and crystallographic planes in the composites. Analyzing the fracture surface revealed that the cohesion between the waste and the PLA matrix could be improved, explaining the increased brittleness and stiffness observed as a result of the mechanical tests
One of the most commonly used biomaterials as a substitute for petroleum-derived polymer matrices in the manufacturing of plastic components is polylactic acid (PLA). PLA matrix biocomposites reinforced with natural waste are gaining special interest due to their excellent mechanical properties, low toxicity, recyclability, and biodegradability. This Degree's Thesis examines the incorporation of brewery industry waste in the production of PLA matrix composite materials. Several PLA-based biocomposites were developed, including different waste percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% by weight), and detailed characterizations were carried out. The results were analyzed to determine how the incorporation of brewery industry waste affects the mechanical (tensile and impact strength), thermal (Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC), structural (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR, and X-Ray Diffraction, XRD), and morphological (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM) properties. A decrease in tensile properties accompanied by improvements in the Young's Modulus, and a reduction in impact properties were observed with the incorporation of the reinforcement. The melting temperature decreased with the addition of the waste, and all composites, except for the 15% bagasse composite, showed an increase in crystallinity. FT-IR and XRD techniques allowed the identification of characteristic vibration bands and crystallographic planes in the composites. Analyzing the fracture surface revealed that the cohesion between the waste and the PLA matrix could be improved, explaining the increased brittleness and stiffness observed as a result of the mechanical tests