Obtención de biodiesel a partir de diferentes catalizadores. Análisis de variables
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2014-06-23
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
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[ES] La presente memoria recoge el trabajo realizado para llevar a cabo el estudio de la reacción de transesterificación de aceites vegetales con metanol para producir ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos, como producto principal, y glicerina, como subproducto.
Actualmente, la trasesterificación de aceites vegetales con alcoholes ligeros es el método más aceptado para la obtención ésteres de ácidos grasos como alternativa al diesel de origen fósil (biodiesel). La reacción requiere la presencia de un catalizador adecuado, que puede ser homogéneo o heterogéneo. En el trabajo se realizó un estudio comparativo de los diferentes sistemas catalíticos en la producción de biodiesel.
Todas las reacciones se llevaron a cabo en un reactor discontínuo aguitando a presión atmosférica y en equipos de presión. Estos últimos se utilizaron cuando la pureza de los ésteres metílicos obtenidos no fue del 100% Las etapas de separación y purificicación se hicieron en embudos de decantación. Los métodos analíticos incluyeron la cromatografía de capa fina, así como la determinación de los índices de acidez y de saponificación.
La pureza de ésteres metílicos alcanzada con todos los catalizadores homogéneos de tipo básico fue del 100%. Sin embargo, el rendimiento en la fase de éster fue inferior, por lo que se analizó con más detalle la fase de los ésteres metílicos y la fase de la glicerina para justificar esta disminución en el rendimiento. De acuerdo con el balance de materia del proceso, las pérdidas de rendimiento se debieron a la saponificación de triglicéridos y a la disolución de ésteres metílicos en la fase de la glicerina.
En el caso de los catalizadores homogéneos de tipo ácido, y de los heterogéneos de tipo básico, la pureza obtenida no fue del 100%, por lo que, como se indicó anteriormente, las reacciones se llevaron a cabo utilizando también equipos a presión; obteniendo, con ambos tipos de catalizadores, valores de pureza inferiores a los determinados a presión atmosférica, con lo que deduce que la presión afecta negativamente a la reacción de transesterificación.
Con los catalizadores heterogéneos de tipo ácido no se detectó la presencia de ésteres metílicos, por lo que estos catalizadores no resultan adecuados para la producción de biodiesel.
[EN]Herein from the work done to conduct the study of the reaction of transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol to produce methyl esters of fatty acids as the main product, and glycerine as a byproduct. Currently, the transesterification of vegetable oils with light alcohols is the most accepted method for obtaining fatty acid esters as an alternative to fossil diesel (biodiesel). The reaction requires the presence of a suitable catalyst which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. At work a comparative study of different catalytic systems for the production of biodiesel was performed. All reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure aguitando and pressure equipment. The latter is used when the purity of methyl ester obtained was not 100% separation steps and purificicación were in separatory funnels. Analytical methods included thin layer chromatography and the determination of levels of acidity and saponification. The purity of methyl esters achieved with all basic type homogeneous catalysts was 100%. However, the yield of the ester phase was lower, so that the phase of methyl esters and glycerin phase is analyzed in more detail to justify this decrease in performance. According to the process material balance, yield losses were due to the hydrolysis of triglycerides and the methyl esters dissolved in the glycerol phase. In the case of homogeneous acid type catalysts, and heterogeneous basic type, the obtained purity was not 100%, so, as indicated above, reactions were carried out also using pressure equipment; obtaining, with both types of catalysts, values lower than the atmospheric pressure determined purity, which follows the pressure adversely affects the transesterification reaction. With heterogeneous catalysts of the presence of such acid methyl esters were detected, making these catalysts are not suitable for biodiesel production.
[EN]Herein from the work done to conduct the study of the reaction of transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol to produce methyl esters of fatty acids as the main product, and glycerine as a byproduct. Currently, the transesterification of vegetable oils with light alcohols is the most accepted method for obtaining fatty acid esters as an alternative to fossil diesel (biodiesel). The reaction requires the presence of a suitable catalyst which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. At work a comparative study of different catalytic systems for the production of biodiesel was performed. All reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure aguitando and pressure equipment. The latter is used when the purity of methyl ester obtained was not 100% separation steps and purificicación were in separatory funnels. Analytical methods included thin layer chromatography and the determination of levels of acidity and saponification. The purity of methyl esters achieved with all basic type homogeneous catalysts was 100%. However, the yield of the ester phase was lower, so that the phase of methyl esters and glycerin phase is analyzed in more detail to justify this decrease in performance. According to the process material balance, yield losses were due to the hydrolysis of triglycerides and the methyl esters dissolved in the glycerol phase. In the case of homogeneous acid type catalysts, and heterogeneous basic type, the obtained purity was not 100%, so, as indicated above, reactions were carried out also using pressure equipment; obtaining, with both types of catalysts, values lower than the atmospheric pressure determined purity, which follows the pressure adversely affects the transesterification reaction. With heterogeneous catalysts of the presence of such acid methyl esters were detected, making these catalysts are not suitable for biodiesel production.