La sedacion paliativa como alivio del sufrimiento en el paciente con enfermedad terminal
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2015-06-24
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
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[ES] La población está envejeciéndose a medida que pasan los años. Debido a esto, en la etapa final de la vida se hace necesaria la aparición de unos cuidados que sean ofertados por profesionales que estén especializados en este tipo de pacientes. Por esta razón se crearon los cuidados paliativos, para satisfacer las diferentes necesidades físicas, psicológicas, sociales y espirituales de aquellos enfermos que padezcan una enfermedad avanzada o terminal, aplicándolos de forma progresiva a medida que ésta avanza. Algunos pacientes a pesar de los avances acontecidos en la medicina paliativa, en algún momento de su vida padecen un sufrimiento insoportable provocado por la existencia de unos síntomas que son refractarios al tratamiento y que tan solo pueden ser controlados mediante la reducción de la consciencia del enfermo, conseguida a través de la administración deliberada de fármacos en las combinaciones y dosis requeridas para provocar la adecuada disminución de la consciencia con el fin de aliviar uno o más síntomas refractarios, con el pertinente consentimiento informado. Los grupos farmacológicos más usuales en el proceso de sedación son las benzodiacepinas (BZD), neurolépticos, barbitúricos y anestésicos. La vía de administración considerada de elección en la sedación es la vía subcutánea (SC). Los síntomas refractarios más comúnmente indicados para iniciar la sedación son el delirium y la disnea. El midazolam, es considerado como el fármaco estrella de la sedación para la mayoría de los síntomas., excepto cuando el síntoma predominante es el delirium que se considerará la levomepromazina como fármaco de elección. La morfina no debe usarse en la sedación como fármaco inductor de la sedación. Existe un debate ético en cuanto al uso de la sedación, considerándola como una “eutanasia lenta”. Sin embargo la sedación difiere de esta práctica en tres aspectos: intencionalidad, proceso y resultado.
[EN] Population is aging as the years pass. Because of this, in the final stage of their life is necessary the care offered by professionals who specialize in these patients. For this reason palliative care, were created to meet the different needs of physical, psychological, social and spiritual is necessary in patients suffering from advanced or terminal illness, by applying progressively as this illness progresses. Some patients despite advances in palliative medicine at some point in their lives suffer an unbearable suffering caused by the presence of symptoms that are refractory to treatment and which can only be controlled through the reduction of consciousness of the patient, which is achieved through the deliberate administration of drugs in combinations and doses required to cause adequate decrease of consciousness in order to relieve one or more refractory symptoms, with the applicable informed consent. The most usual pharmacological groups used in the sedation process are benzodiazepines (BZD), neuroleptics, barbiturates and anaesthetics. Subcutaneous administration (SC) is the recommended route for drug administration. The most common refractory symptoms indicated to start sedation are delirium and breathlessness. Midazolam, is regarded as the star sedation for most of symptoms, except when the predominant symptom is delirium, levomepromazine is considered the drug of choice. Morphine should not be used to induce sedation. There is an ethical debate as for the use of the sedation, considering it to be a "slow euthanasia". Nevertheless, the sedation differ of this practice in three aspects: intention, process and result
[EN] Population is aging as the years pass. Because of this, in the final stage of their life is necessary the care offered by professionals who specialize in these patients. For this reason palliative care, were created to meet the different needs of physical, psychological, social and spiritual is necessary in patients suffering from advanced or terminal illness, by applying progressively as this illness progresses. Some patients despite advances in palliative medicine at some point in their lives suffer an unbearable suffering caused by the presence of symptoms that are refractory to treatment and which can only be controlled through the reduction of consciousness of the patient, which is achieved through the deliberate administration of drugs in combinations and doses required to cause adequate decrease of consciousness in order to relieve one or more refractory symptoms, with the applicable informed consent. The most usual pharmacological groups used in the sedation process are benzodiazepines (BZD), neuroleptics, barbiturates and anaesthetics. Subcutaneous administration (SC) is the recommended route for drug administration. The most common refractory symptoms indicated to start sedation are delirium and breathlessness. Midazolam, is regarded as the star sedation for most of symptoms, except when the predominant symptom is delirium, levomepromazine is considered the drug of choice. Morphine should not be used to induce sedation. There is an ethical debate as for the use of the sedation, considering it to be a "slow euthanasia". Nevertheless, the sedation differ of this practice in three aspects: intention, process and result
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