Efectividad de las intervenciones preventivas para el embarazo no deseado en adolescentes
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2015-06-24
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Jaén: Universidad de Jaén
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[ES] Introducción: El embarazo en la adolescencia es un problema que afecta a todas las sociedades. La tasa de embarazo en la adolescencia se mantiene en cifras altas en muchos países industrializados. Este acontecimiento tiene especial importancia por las repercusiones que tiene para la madre y el feto un embarazo adolescente. Para la madre se asocia con una pérdida importante de oportunidades, ya que muchas se ven obligadas a abandonar sus estudios, y para el feto se asocia con bajo peso al nacer y prematuridad, por lo que la mejor forma de prevenir que esto ocurra es mediante la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia. Objetivo: Evaluar qué intervenciones son más efectivas para la prevención del embarazo no deseado en adolescentes. Metodología: Realizamos una búsqueda en 8 bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Tras aplicar los criterios de selección obtenemos una muestra de 26 artículos. Resultados: La intervención educativa obtiene buenos resultados, aunque estos no son suficientes para confirmar su efectividad, al igual que ocurre con las intervenciones de fomento de la anticoncepción. La intervención combinada es la que mejores resultados obtiene en prevención del embarazo no deseado en adolescentes. Conclusión: No existe suficiente evidencia científica sobre la efectividad de la intervención educativa y de fomento de la anticoncepción para la prevención del embarazo adolescente. Como recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones sugerimos que se siga investigando al respecto ya que la literatura es escasa.
Palabras clave: Embarazo no deseado, adolescentes, prevención, efectividad, intervenciones preventivas.
[EN] Introduction: The pregnancy in adolescence is a problem that affects all the societies. In many industrialized countries the adolescence pregnancy rate, keep very high. This situation has a special importance both for the mother and for the fetus. The mother will suffer an important loss of opportunities, because many adolescent will be forced to leave their education. The fetus will have a high risk of being born prematurely with low weight. The best way to avoid this is adolescent pregnancy prevention. Objective: Evaluate the most effective intervention to prevent unwanted adolescent pregnancy. Methodology: We realize a search in 8 national and international databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, we obtain a final sample of 26 articles. Results: The sexual education intervention obtains good results, the same as intervention with contraception information, however, that results are not enough to confirm their effectiveness. The best results are obtained with multi-component intervention. Conclusion: There is not enough scientific evidence about the effectiveness of the educational intervention or the promotion of the contraception for the teenagers pregnancy prevention. Future investigations are recommended for the three interventions types, as additional literature seems scarce.
[EN] Introduction: The pregnancy in adolescence is a problem that affects all the societies. In many industrialized countries the adolescence pregnancy rate, keep very high. This situation has a special importance both for the mother and for the fetus. The mother will suffer an important loss of opportunities, because many adolescent will be forced to leave their education. The fetus will have a high risk of being born prematurely with low weight. The best way to avoid this is adolescent pregnancy prevention. Objective: Evaluate the most effective intervention to prevent unwanted adolescent pregnancy. Methodology: We realize a search in 8 national and international databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, we obtain a final sample of 26 articles. Results: The sexual education intervention obtains good results, the same as intervention with contraception information, however, that results are not enough to confirm their effectiveness. The best results are obtained with multi-component intervention. Conclusion: There is not enough scientific evidence about the effectiveness of the educational intervention or the promotion of the contraception for the teenagers pregnancy prevention. Future investigations are recommended for the three interventions types, as additional literature seems scarce.